Temporal variation refers to changes or fluctuations in a variable or phenomenon over time. This research area involves studying how different factors, events, or processes change or evolve over a specific period. Researchers in this field examine patterns, trends, and cycles in temporal data to understand how they may impact various systems, environments, or populations. Temporal variation can be studied in a wide range of disciplines, including ecology, climate science, economics, sociology, and many others. The goal of studying temporal variation is to gain insights into the dynamics and mechanisms driving change over time, and to ultimately make predictions or inform decision-making based on this knowledge.